Menuki: Ornamental Sword-Grip Fittings and Their Evolution in Japanese Sword-Making

Introduction to Menuki: Sword-Grip Ornaments

The intricate ornaments adorning the grips of Japanese swords and daggers, known as menuki, boast a rich history that merges artistry and utility. Originally crafted as functional components to secure the sword’s tang to its hilt, menuki have undergone a fascinating evolution over centuries. These metal fittings transformed from essential structural elements into highly decorative art pieces, coveted by collectors and enthusiasts today. This journey reflects the exquisite craftsmanship and cultural significance of Japanese sword-making traditions, making menuki prized possessions that embody a historical and artistic legacy.

Key Takeaways

• Function First: Menuki began as the decorative head of a metal mekugi peg, securing the tang to the hilt. Over time, they transitioned into purely ornamental elements.
• Makoto-Menuki: Early menuki that served both as a decorative element and a mekugi peg are called makoto-menuki.
• Sora-Menuki: The most common type today, sora-menuki, are purely decorative menuki.

Different Types of Menuki

• Makoto-Menuki: Meaning “true menuki,” these early examples functioned as both an ornamental headpiece and a mekugi peg, securing the hilt. Commonly found on ceremonial tachi swords, they often featured additional tawara-byo (straw bag-shaped rivets).
• Tsubogasa-Menuki: Tsubogasa-menuki, or “pot-hat menuki,” developed from early menuki with dual functionality. Naga-menuki, identified by their rounded shape, were originally positioned symmetrically on the hilt. Later, they became purely decorative and were placed asymmetrically.
• In’yō-Kon Menuki: These two-piece menuki served as mekugi pegs. They featured a hollow negative stem (in-kon) and a solid positive stem (yō-kon) to prevent them from falling out. While initially functional, they later became purely decorative.
• Naga-Menuki: Also known as ō-menuki, these menuki feature the form of a kenukigata-tachi openwork design. This large type was inspired by the unique hilt opening of kenukigata-tachi swords.
• Sora-Menuki: Sora-menuki, meaning “empty or imitation menuki,” emerged purely for ornamental purposes during the Nanbokucho period. Also known as kazari-menuki, they lack a stem or root.
• Dashi-Menuki: Typically found on unwrapped, same-covered hilts of tanto daggers and koshigatana, dashi-menuki are “exposed menuki.” These menuki can be attached using sticky lacquer or positioned above braided hilt wrapping, secured with a cord.
• Gyaku-Menuki: The Yagyū school popularized gyaku-menuki, meaning “reversed menuki.” Attached in the traditional manner but positioned in reverse, these menuki ensured they protruded into the palm of the swordsman for a better grip.

A Brief History of Menuki

Menuki evolved from the mekugi peg, which secures the tang in the hilt through the mekugi-ana opening. Over time, menuki became purely decorative elements while still providing a better grip on the hilt. By the Momoyama period, elaborate menuki became a way to reward valued retainers, leading to their production from high-quality materials.

By the Edo period, samurai wore a daisho (a matched pair of swords) fitted with mitokoromono, a set of matching menuki, kozuka (utility knife), and kogai (skewer). The renowned Goto family were known for crafting these sets with exceptional skill. Menuki became collectible items, exchanged as gifts among wealthy samurai on special occasions.

Conclusion

The ornamental fittings on Japanese swords and daggers, menuki, beautifully embody the blend of functionality and artistry in Japanese craftsmanship. Their evolution, from essential structural elements like the makoto-menuki to purely decorative pieces such as the sora-menuki, reflects the rich history and cultural significance of Japanese sword-making. Over time, menuki transitioned from practical components to cherished art pieces and collectibles. This transformation was particularly notable during the Edo period, when renowned artisans like the Goto family crafted them with sophisticated techniques. Today, menuki remain prized for their historical and artistic value, capturing the essence of Japan’s heritage.